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HYDROcarbons and Hydrocarbures: Molecular Structures, Energy Applications, and Ecological Challenges|

Fundamental Chemistry of Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons (English) and hydrocarbures (French) represent identical molecular entities composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen atoms. These organic compounds form through anaerobic decomposition of organic matter over geological eras, with structural variations creating distinct classifications. Aliphatic chains like methane (CH?) contrast with aromatic systems exemplified by benzene's hexagonal configuration. The petrochemical industry categorizes these substances by carbon chain length, determining their phase states - ga创作者us (C1-C
4
), liquid (C5-C
16
), and solid (C17+). Recent spectroscopic studies reveal unexpected quantum behaviors in long-chain hydrocarbures under extreme pressures, challenging traditional molecular models.

Global Energy Infrastructure Applications

As primary constituents in fossil fuels, hydrocarbons/hydrocarbures power 84% of global energy systems. Refining processes separate crude oil into fractions: liquefied petroleum gas (20°C boiling point
), gasoline (40-205°C
), and lubricants (>300°C). Advanced catalytic cracking techniques now achieve 92% conversion efficiency in hydrocarbure processing. The aerospace sector relies on specialized kerosene blends with precise cetane ratings, while petrochemical complexes synthesize polymers from ethylene and propylene derivatives. Emerging applications include carbon nanotube production from methane pyrolysis and hydrogen extraction via steam reforming processes.

Environmental Management Strategies

Combustion of hydrocarbons generates 36.3 billion metric tons of CO? annually, driving climate change mitigation efforts. Carbon capture systems now intercept 90% of flue emissions at modern power plants, with sequestered CO? being utilized in enhanced oil recovery. Bioremediation techniques employ Pseudomonas bacteria to degrade oil spills at 0.86 grams per square meter daily. Legislative frameworks like the European Union's Hydrocarbure Regulation Act mandate 40% emission reductions by 2
030, accelerating transition to bio-hydrocarbures from algal sources showing 58% lower lifecycle emissions.

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陈国舜·记者 钟文靖 陶孝军 钟英礼/文,陈灵、陆江涛/摄